провода+болота

летом вышла хорошая книга Анны Хельмонд и Фернандо ван дер Влиста о том, что такое платформы и как их изучать. в посте блога есть самое краткое определение, его и вынесу сюда: First, platforms are services. This dimension focuses on the user-facing products and interfaces through which people encounter platforms in everyday life: TikTok, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter), Netflix, Spotify, Uber Eats, or Amazon Marketplace. Here, platforms shape communication, consumption, labour, entertainment, and visibility through interfaces, recommendation systems, monetisation mechanisms, and moderation policies. Second, platforms are companies. Platforms are owned and operated by corporations pursuing strategic and economic objectives. This dimension foregrounds business models, acquisitions, partnerships, ownership structures, and ecosystem strategies. It highlights how companies such as Meta, Alphabet, Amazon, Microsoft, or ByteDance expand across sectors while consolidating infrastructural and economic power. Third, platforms are technologies and infrastructures. Platforms rely on programmable technical architectures such as APIs, cloud infrastructures, app stores, software development kits and environments, machine learning systems, and data infrastructures. These systems allow platforms to become foundational infrastructures that other companies, developers, and institutions build upon and depend on. в общем, интересно будет почитать и явно полезно для образования. very #rawreading