First, missile defense remains indispensable, and efforts to deploy a sovereign and cost-efficient ballistic and hypersonic missile defense capability should remain a top European priority. Second, interceptor scarcity, cost asymmetries, and difficulties with establishing comprehensive territorial coverage mean that a posture built on defense alone will fail against an adversary able to generate mass in the high-velocity missile domain. Europe therefore requires a complementary conventional counterstrike capability that credibly threatens calibrated retaliation. https://www.ifri.org/en/memos/confronting-russias-high-velocity-arsenal-european-challenges-and-solutions 🥲